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Liberalism in the United States is a broad political philosophy centered on the unalienable rights of the individual. The fundamental liberal ideals of freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion for all belief systems, and the separation of church and state, right to due process, and equality under the law are widely accepted as a common foundation across the spectrum of liberal thought. Modern liberalism in the United States includes issues such as same-sex marriage, voting rights for all adult citizens, civil rights, environmental justice, and government protection of freedom from want.〔John W. Jeffries. The "New" New Deal: FDR and American Liberalism, 1937-1945. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 105, No. 3 (Autumn, 1990), pp. 397-418 Published by: The Academy of Political Science Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2150824〕 National social services such as: equal education opportunities; access to health care; and transportation infrastructure are intended to meet the responsibility to "promote the general welfare" of all citizens. Some American liberals, who call themselves classical liberals, fiscal conservatives, or libertarians, support fundamental liberal ideals but disagree with modern liberal thought, holding that economic freedom is more important than equality, and that providing for the general welfare exceeds the legitimate role of government〔Pena, David S. ''Economic Barbarism and Managerialism,'' 2001, p. 35〕 Since the 1930s, without a qualifier the term "liberalism" in the United States usually refers to "modern liberalism", a political philosophy exemplified by Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal and, later, Lyndon Johnson's Great Society. It is a form of social liberalism, whose accomplishments include the Works Progress Administration and the Social Security Act in 1935, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. According to Louis Hartz, liberalism in the United States differs from liberalism elsewhere in the world because America never had a resident hereditary aristocracy,〔Louis Hartz, ''The Liberal Tradition in America'', (1991) p. 4.〕 and so avoided much of the class warfare that swept Europe.〔''"Liberalism in America: A Note for Europeans", Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., in ''The Politics of Hope'', (1962)〕 ==History== (詳細はthe political ideals of the Enlightenment. The Constitution of the United States of 1787 set up the first modern republic, with sovereignty in the people (not in a monarch) and no hereditary ruling aristocracy. However, the Constitution limited liberty by accepting slavery. The Founding Fathers recognized the contradiction, and most expected slavery to wither away. Indeed, it was abolished in all the Northern states by 1804, but due to the demand for raw cotton by the Industrial Revolution, plantation slavery continued to flourish in the Deep South. From the time of the American Revolution to the present day, America has extended liberty to ever broader classes of people. The states abolished many restrictions on voting for white males in the early 19th century. The Constitution was amended in 1865 to abolish slavery, in 1870 to extend the vote to Black men, in 1920 to extend the vote to women, and in 1971 to lower the voting age to 18. The Jim Crow system of the South between the 1890s and 1960s relegated blacks to second class citizenship, until it was overthrown by the Civil Rights Movement and new federal laws in 1964 and 1965.〔Alfred Fernbach and Charles Julian Bishko, ''Charting democracy in America'' (1995)〕 Thomas Jefferson believed that America should remain a nation of small farmers.〔Robert Allen Rutland, ''The Democrats: from Jefferson to Clinton?'' (1995) p. 61〕 As the American economy began to shift to manufacturing and services, liberals began to fear threats to liberty from corruption and monopolies (called "trusts" at the time).〔Michael J. Sandel, ''Democracy's Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy'' (1996) p. 157〕〔Sean Wilentz, ''The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln'' (2006)〕 Wealth and influence it brought was increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few business owners, rather than the existing system of a few large land owners, and raised new questions whether political democracy could survive the power of the rich. The dominance of the Republican Party for most of the era 1860-1932, the Third Party System, and the Fourth Party System, prevented any major reversal of the concentration of wealth. During the Progressive Era of the early 20th century, laws were passed restricting monopolies (the antitrust movement) and regulating railroad rates.〔John D. Buenker, John C. Burnham, and Robert M. Crunden, ''Progressivism'' (1986)〕〔Richard Jensen, "Democracy, Republicanism and Efficiency: The Values of American Politics, 1885-1930," in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger, eds, ''Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775-2000'' (2001) pp 149–180〕 According to James Reichley, it was during this era that the term "liberal" took on its current meaning. Prior to the 1920s, the term had usually described classical liberalism, which emphasizes limited government and the free market.〔 During the 1920s, the term "progressive" became associated with politicians such as Robert La Follette, who called for government ownership of railroads and utilities in his 1924 third-party presidential bid.〔 More mainstream political figures such as Franklin Roosevelt adopted the term "liberal" to describe an individual in favor of some government activism but opposed to more radical reforms.〔 After 1933, modern liberals used the New Deal to provide jobs during the Great Depression. The Social Security Act of 1935 provided retirement and disability income for Americans unable to work or unable to find jobs.〔Sidney M. Milkis and Jerome M. Mileur, ''The New Deal and the triumph of liberalism'' (2002)〕 In the Social Security Act of 1965, this was extended to provide benefits for Americans unable to work due to illness. A reaction against modern American liberalism began with Barry Goldwater, which led to the eventual election of Ronald Reagan in 1980. The intellectual foundations of this conservative resurgence included the works of free-market economists Milton Friedman and the Chicago School of Economics, who argued against central economic planning (with the notable exception of the Federal Reserve), regulation of business, and Keynesian economics. Deregulation began in the mid-1970s and had broad support from both liberals and conservatives. Reagan successfully lowered marginal tax rates, most notably for those at the top of the income distribution, while his Social Security reforms raised taxes on the middle and bottom of the income distribution, leaving their total tax burden unchanged. Democratic president Bill Clinton (1993–2001) worked with conservatives, against strong liberal opposition, to end some of the main welfare programs and to implement NAFTA, linking the economies of the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. Clinton pushed to extend modern liberal ideals especially in the areas of health care (where he failed) and environmental protection (where he had more success).〔Sean Wilentz, ''The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974-2008'' (2009)〕 According to Louis Hartz, liberalism was the only significant political tradition in the United States. However, in the 1970s, Bernard Bailyn, Gordon Wood and J. G. A. Pocock saw republicanism as the main political tradition. In the 1980s, J. David Green returned to Hartz's thesis, but saw two different types of liberalism in the tradition, which he called ''humanist'' and ''reform''. More recently, writers have seen a multitude of traditions, including liberalism, republicanism and Protestantism.〔Ericson and Green, pp. 1-2〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Liberalism in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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